Waste Tire Pyrolysis: Influential Parameters and Product Properties

April 21, 2025

Understanding the key parameters in waste tire pyrolysis such as temperature, heating rate, and feedstock type is essential to optimizing product yields and quality for oil, gas, and recovered carbon black.

Abstract

Approximately 1.5 billion tires are produced globally yearly, with 300 million in the USA, eventually becoming waste tires. Waste tires are excellent candidates for energy recovery, as well as solid, liquid, and gaseous by-products, via pyrolysis: made predominantly from the petroleum product rubber, they have a high heating value, high volatile content, and medium sulfur content. This paper reviews previous research on tire pyrolysis, particularly identifying factors affecting yield and product composition. Properties of produced oil, gases, and char are summarized, and future research studies are recommended.

Introduction

Approximately 1.5 billion tires are produced yearly globally, and 300 million in the USA will eventually become waste tires [1]. Tire piles often provide breeding grounds for pests and insects such as mosquitoes, because their shape and impermeability allow them to hold water for extended periods. Waste tire stockpiles are difficult to ignite; however, once ignited, tires burn very hot and are difficult to extinguish, resulting in considerable release of air pollutants, including particulates [2].

In 2011, 82 % of the waste tire tonnage in the US was beneficially reused, with the top uses being tire-derived fuel and ground rubber [2]. However, 18 % (696,000 tons, or 59 million tires) were still disposed of in landfills or dumped illegally, where they could harbor pests or lead to difficult-to-control fires. Such disposal also represents a loss of a high-value material [3–5, 6].

The negative impacts of tire landfill disposal or illegal dumping can be minimized by recovering constituent chemicals and energy from these tires using available technologies [7]. Made predominantly from the petroleum product rubber, tires have a high heating value, as well as high volatile and medium sulfur content, which makes them excellent candidates for pyrolysis, which can be used to recover energy and by-products [6, 8, 9].

Tire Materials

Over one hundred compounds comprise tires, depending on the manufacturer and use. Tires are made of rubber (60–65 wt.% %), carbon black (25–35 wt.% %), fillers (3 wt.% %), and accelerators. Rubber comprises elastomeric polymers with a network structure that can deform temporarily under external forces. A blend of natural rubber from the Hevea tree and synthetic rubber derived from petroleum-based products is used. Carbon black strengthens the rubber and enables it to resist abrasion. To make the rubber softer and more workable, fillers are added (a combination of aromatic, naphthenic, and paraffinic organics) [10].

Reasons for Difficulties in Tire Management

Several factors make waste tires very difficult to manage or recycle:

  1. Tires are designed to withstand harsh conditions such as exposure to ozone (the most damaging factor for rubber), friction, light, and bacteria. This means they do not degrade in landfills; the tire lifetime in a landfill is between 80 and 100 years [11].
  2. Whole tires have a low bulk density; around 75 % of their volume is space. This means they take up a large volume in a landfill.
  3. Tires are thermoset polymers, meaning they cannot be melted and separated into their chemical components [10].

The Pyrolysis Process

Pyrolysis involves heating a feedstock to temperatures >400 °C without oxygen to volatilize and decompose it, producing oil, gas, and char [10]. The oil resulting from pyrolysis may be used directly, upgraded to a higher-quality fuel, or used to produce chemicals. The gases typically consist of C1–C4 hydrocarbons and hydrogen with a high heating content so that they can fuel the pyrolysis process. The solid char comprises carbon black filler and pyrolysis char [12].

Pyrolysis Reactors

The most common pyrolysis reactors include fixed-bed, rotary kiln, and fluidized-bed. Fixed bed reactors (FBR) are usually used for slow pyrolysis in a batch process characterized by low heating rates, long solid and vapor residence times (minutes to hours), and often low temperature [10•]. FBRs contain the catalyst in a fixed location, typically in pellet form. A significant drawback is limited access to the catalyst surface area [13].

A rotary kiln is a sheet-steel cylinder lined with refractory material to protect the steel from high temperatures and is slightly inclined (1°–10°) to advance the waste material. For a given waste material, the system may be optimized in terms of speed of rotation, degrees of filling, and particle sizes. Rotary kilns also allow various sizes and types of material to be used [14].

Kaminsky et al. have performed several studies of fluidized bed tire pyrolysis [15–19]. Fluidized beds are typically used to perform fast pyrolysis (reaction time of milliseconds to seconds); fast pyrolysis requires small particle sizes [10•]. Fluidized bed reactors have been studied at laboratory scale with 1 kg/hour throughput, technical scale with 30 kg/hour, and pilot scale with 200 kg/hour throughput [12•]. Pyrolysis gas provides heat to the bed of quartz sand via radiant heat tubes; the fluidized bed is thus heated indirectly to typical temperatures of 500 °C–780 °C. Preheated to 400 °C, the product gas is used as the fluidizing gas.

Influence of Various Parameters on the Yield of Pyrolysis Products from Waste Tires

Temperature is the predominant factor influencing the distribution of gas, liquid, and solid phase pyrolysis products and their physical/chemical properties [10]. Other influential factors include heating rate, particle size, feedstock composition, pyrolysis time/tire residence time, carrier gas flow rate/volatiles residence time, atmospheric pressure, and type (including presence of steam in the carrier gas), and presence of a catalyst [10, 20]. Martinez et al. (2013) provide an exhaustive review of studies concerning the influence of these parameters [10]. Salient effects of these factors are highlighted here.

Temperature

The pyrolysis temperature must be high enough to degrade the tires thermally; however, higher temperatures and long gas residence times in the reactor hot zone can volatilize the oil to gas [12, 21]. Thus, an optimal temperature exists for maximizing oil production, which is typically the goal since oil is the most valuable product.

Table 1 summarizes many studies investigating the influence of temperature on oil yield from tire pyrolysis. Across the studies, optimal temperatures for oil production range from 425 °C to 720 °C, and maximum yields range from 38 % to 60 %. This considerable variability in optimal temperatures and maximum yields is likely due to differences in heating rate, gas residence time, reactor type, tire mass flow rate, and tire particle size. These secondary factors can particularly influence secondary reactions, which convert liquid compounds to the gas phase or the gas phase to the solid phase [10]. One of the recommendations for future research is to build a regression model to predict oil yield as a function of temperature, heating rate, type of reactor, tire mass flow rate, tire particle size, and any interaction terms.

Heating Rate

Increasing the heating rate increases the degradation rate and affects the temperature at which maximum volatilization starts and stops [10]. Higher heating rates lead to higher temperatures, which can lead to more secondary reactions and produce more gas-phase products [28]. The nature of the secondary responses can impact the gas and liquid composition. Heating rate, temperature, and particle size can produce different impacts depending on the values of other parameters [10]. Heating rate also impacts the time to complete pyrolysis and energy required: lower heating rates necessitate longer residence times, but require less energy [29]. Heating rate is linked to reactor type, with certain reactor types producing higher heating rates [10, 24].

Particle Size

For small particles, the temperature is assumed to be uniform throughout the particle; for larger particles, the slower heating of the interior means that the pyrolysis occurs at a lower temperature [10]. However, small particles are often completely converted to the liquid and gas phase, whereas for larger particles, the interior remains in the solid phase due to the lower temperature [10]. Smaller particles are desirable if maximizing oil yield is a crucial objective [27, 30].

Dai et al. (2001), for example, found that 0.32 mm particles produced more liquid-phase product (around 50 wt.% %) than larger 0.8 mm diameter particles (around 40 %); the smaller particles also produced more gas-phase product, but reduced char [27]. Smaller tire particles increased oil yield. If the exact conversion of large particles that occurs with smaller particles is desired, the residence time of the tire particles inside the reactor must be increased; this increases the required reactor volume, and thus increases capital costs [10]. An increase in temperature or heating rate could offset the need for a larger reactor volume, but with an influence on product distribution.

Feedstock Composition

Many studies have found differences in the aromatic content of pyrolysis oil based on original tire composition, particularly the natural and synthetic rubber content [10, 31–35]. For example, Ucar et al. (2005) found that truck tires have a natural rubber content of 51 wt. %, yielded 15.4 vol. % aromatic content; passenger car tires, with a lower natural rubber content of 35 wt. %, produced a higher aromatic content of 41.5 vol. % [32]. Seidelt et al. (2006) found that natural rubber produced primarily xylene and isoprene dimer, whereas styrene-butadiene rubber yielded ethylbenzene, styrene, and cumene [36]. Variations in liquid yield and sulfur content have also been observed based on the particular feedstock: Ucar et al. (2005) found that truck tires, with higher natural rubber content, generated a greater amount of oil (55.6 wt.%) with lower sulfur content (0.83 wt.%) compared to passenger car tires, which generated 47.4 wt. % oil with 1.35 wt. % sulfur [32]. Hence, passenger car tires, with higher synthetic rubber content, tend to produce oil with greater value for chemical production due to their higher aromatic content. Due to their lower sulfur content, truck tires, with higher natural rubber content, tend to produce oil with greater potential as a vehicle fuel.

Pyrolysis Time/Tire Residence Time

Pyrolysis time is related to particle size: larger particles generally require longer residence times to achieve the same degree of conversion [10]. Longer residence times require a larger reactor, with larger capital costs. Pyrolysis time is also linked to heating rate, with lower heating rates requiring longer pyrolysis times [10]. Finally, several researchers have found a time-temperature trade-off: higher temperatures require shorter residence times, and lower temperatures require longer residence times [29, 37].

Carrier gas Flow Rate/Volatiles Residence Time

An increase in carrier gas flow rate carries the gaseous products away more quickly, decreasing the volatile product’s residence time [16]. A longer volatile residence time means that secondary reactions are more likely to occur, which can reduce oil yield if liquid-phase compounds convert to the gas phase. Thus, increasing the carrier gas flow rate has increased oil yield [24, 38, 39].

Atmospheric Pressure

Increasing atmospheric pressure has been found to increase oil viscosity [35]. On the other hand, reduced pressure (often associated with vacuum pyrolysis) has been found to reduce secondary reactions in the gas phase, by reducing volatiles’ residence time; this would tend to increase oil yield [10, 40–44]. Also, reducing secondary reactions can reduce gas deposition onto the solid char surface, making the char more valuable as an activated carbon adsorbent, with higher surface area and increased reactivity [10]. Decreasing process pressure may also decrease process temperature (PV = nRT, according to the ideal gas law); decreasing process temperature decreases energy demand [10].

Presence of Steam in Carrier Gas

In addition to producing oil for transportation purposes and chemical products, tire pyrolysis can produce hydrogen, which can be used as a fuel. Mastral et al. (2002) showed that 1 kg of waste tire could yield 0.158 kg of H2, according to the following Eqs. 1 and 2 [12, 44]:

CnHm+nH2O→nCO+(n+m/2)H2

  • (1) CO+H2O→CO2+H2
  • (2) In Eq. (1), CnHm represents carbohydrate vapors released during tire pyrolysis, and H2O is from added steam. If more steam is added, the hydrogen yield increases via the hydrocarbon steam reforming reaction. Addition of water also slows down the rate of the catalyst deactivation by coking, according to the steam gasification reaction (Eq. 3): C+H2O→CO+H2
  • (3) Post-pyrolysis catalysis at higher temperatures via nickel-based catalysis can be used to form hydrogen from waste tires [10, 45, 46, 47]. Elbaba, et al. (2010), pyrolyzed tires in a fixed bed at 500 °C, and then passed the gases over a nickel based Ni– Mg–Al catalyst at 800 °C, in the presence of steam [44].

Catalyst

Catalysts can improve pyrolysis rate, oil quality, oil yield, and yields of compounds such as aromatics for chemical production. To enhance pyrolysis rate and oil quality, Dung et al. (2009) used ITQ-21 and ITQ-24 as additives to commercial HMOR zeolite for catalytic pyrolysis of waste tires [6, 48]. They showed that the catalyst-to-tire ratio impacts the yield of gasoline, kerosene, and asphaltenes in pyrolytic oils. Kar (2011) heated expanded perlite (a volcanic rock of primarily silica and alumina) to 850 °C–1000 °C to create a porous catalyst support; metals were then added to the support to serve as catalysts [6, 12]. A perlite to waste tire ratio of 0.10 increased oil yield from 60.0 to 65.1 wt. %. The resulting fuel heating value, density, viscosity, and elemental composition were comparable to regular petroleum fuels. Ates et al. (2005) also boosted oil yield and aromatic content using 10 wt% % activated alumina [49]. Williams and Brindle (2003) boosted concentrations of aromatics, as well as naphthalenes and alkylated naphthalenes, using Y zeolite catalyst (CBV-400 and CBV-780), and zeolite ZSM-5 [12, 26].

Properties of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Products

Oil Properties

Pyrolysis oil typically has medium viscosity and a heating value around 40 MJ/kg [12•, 43]. Over 100 compounds have been identified in tire pyrolysis oil; most of these are C5–C20 hydrocarbons, which include polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polyaromatic nitrogen hydrocarbons (PANHs), and polyaromatic sulfur hydrocarbons (PASHs) [12, 18, 25, 27, 50–55]. Predominant aromatics include benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, limonene, and indene [12]. The most abundant aliphatics are straight-chain alkanes (C6–C37), with fewer alkenes [12]. Williams (2013) compared the properties of tire pyrolysis oil found in various studies [12].

The light fraction of pyrolysis oil yields refined chemicals, such as BTEX and styrene, and the heavy fraction can enhance asphalt properties. The petrochemical industry can use the light olefins and aromatics to synthesize chemicals (isoprene and 1, 3-butadiene) needed for tire manufacturing. Pyrolytic oils have burned successfully in test furnaces and diesel engines (blended with diesel fuel) [12].

Aydın and Ilkılıc (2012) studied the impact of pyrolysis temperature on the resulting oil sulfur content [23]. They found the lowest sulfur content in pyrolysis oil at an intermediate pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C, with higher sulfur content as temperatures were reduced to 400 °C or increased to 650 °C. Cunliffe and Williams (1998) found higher sulfur content (1.4 wt.%) of oils produced at lower pyrolysis temperatures (450 °C and 475 °C), compared to higher temperatures [12, 38].

Char Properties

The char fraction of tire pyrolysis products ranges from 22 wt. % to 49 wt. %, with usual values of 38–40 wt. % [12]. The char yield is high due to the carbon black in the original tire. Char is generally composed of carbon and inorganics from tire manufacture (e.g., Zn, Ca Si), with exact composition depending on pyrolysis conditions and tire composition [10]. Several studies have attempted to increase char commercial value by creating higher quality carbon black, or using steam or CO2 to produce activated carbons with high surface areas (1000 m2/g) [12].

Gas Properties

According to various studies, Williams (2013) compared gases produced from waste tire pyrolysis [12]. Major gas constituents include hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), propane (C3H8), propene (C3H6), butane (C4H10), butene (C4H8), butadiene (C4H6), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The exact gas composition depends on the specific rubbers used in tire manufacture and the pyrolysis temperature. As more oil converts to vapor, gas yield increases with higher pyrolysis temperature. Raising pyrolysis temperature can also increase hydrogen production, which is desirable if that is a goal of the process [18].

Recommendations for Future Research

Building a regression model to predict oil yield as functions of: type of reactor, temperature, heating rate, particle size, feedstock composition, pyrolysis time/tire residence time, carrier gas flow rate/volatiles residence time; atmospheric pressure and type (including presence of steam in the carrier gas), presence of a catalyst, and any interaction terms would be helpful. Heating rate, temperature, and particle size can produce different impacts depending on the values of other parameters; this indicates that interaction terms are likely important. The pyrolysis variables impact the pyrolysis product distribution and composition of gas, liquid, and solid-phase products in a complex way. Such a regression model would help illuminate these impacts and relationships among the variables.

A future study is recommended to compare oil yields of various reactor types (batch/fixed bed, rotary kiln, and fluidized bed) for the same tire feedstock. The impact of heating rate on oil yield should be studied in greater detail. Additional catalysts for improving oil yield can be investigated, and promising pilot-scale systems can be tested.

Conclusions

Waste tires, made predominantly from petroleum rubber, are excellent candidates for pyrolysis to recover energy and by-products. Temperature is the predominant factor influencing the distribution of gas, liquid, and solid phase pyrolysis products and their physical/chemical properties. Other influential factors include heating rate, particle size, feedstock composition, pyrolysis time/tire residence time, carrier gas flow rate/volatiles residence time, presence of steam in the carrier gas, and presence of a catalyst.

Pyrolytic oils from waste tires, with a typical heating value of around 40 MJ/kg, have been burned successfully in test furnaces and diesel engines. Pyrolysis oils can also yield beneficial chemicals for the petrochemical industry, including light olefins and aromatics. Solid-phase pyrolysis char can create carbon black or activated carbon for pollutant removal. Gases produced, including hydrogen and various hydrocarbons, can be used as a fuel for the pyrolysis process.

In terms of future research, it would be helpful to build a regression model to predict oil yield as a function of temperature, heating rate, type of reactor, tire particle size, and any interaction terms.

Optimizing Tire Pyrolysis Is a Science - Klean Makes It Commercially Viable

The performance of pyrolysis plants depends on precision, feedstock quality, reactor design, residence time, and temperature control, all of which affect the final output of oil, gas, and recovered carbon black.

Why Klean Industries Is the Global Leader in Tire Pyrolysis:

✅ Engineered systems with optimized thermal profiles and automation
✅ Consistent high-value product yields, including TPO and rCB
✅ Customized process tuning for local feedstock and climate conditions
✅ R&D and technical consulting for system upgrades and new builds

Work with Klean Industries to build or enhance high-performance pyrolysis operations that maximize profitability and circular output » GO.

References

To review the original papers, please visit “Waste Tire Pyrolysis: Influential Parameters and Product Properties” » GO.

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as necessary:

  1. US Environmental Protection Agency. “Wastes - Resource Conservation - Common Wastes and Materials – Scrap Tires: Basic Introduction.” http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/basic.htm. Accessed 20 March 2014.

  2. Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange. P2 Infohouse: a comprehensive pollution prevention reference collection. http://infohouse.p2ric.org/. Accessed March 2014.

  3. Rubber Manufacturers Association. “2011 US Scrap Tire Market Summary.” http://www.rma.org/download/scrap-tires/market-reports/US_STMarket2011.pdf. Accessed 15 June 2014.

  4. Galvagno S, Casu S, Casabianca T, Calabrese A, Cornacchia G. Pyrolysis process for the treatment of scrap tires: preliminary experimental results. Waste Manag. 2002;22:917–23.

    Article Google Scholar 

  5. Boxiong S, Chunfei W, Cai L, Binbin G, Rui W. Pyrolysis of waste tires: the influence of USY catalyst/tire ratio on products. J Anal Appl Pyrol. 2007;78:243–9.

    Article Google Scholar 

  6. Kar Y. Catalytic pyrolysis of car tire waste using expanded perlite. Waste Manag. 2011;31(8):1772–82. The study identified a pyrolysis catalyst that increased oil yield by 5%.

    Article Google Scholar 

  7. Shah J, Jan MR, Mabood F. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire rubber into hydrocarbons via base catalysts. Iran J Chem Chem Eng. 2008;27:103–9.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Aylon E, Fernandez-Colino A, Murillo R, Navarro MV, Garcia T, Mastral AM. Valorisation of waste tire by pyrolysis in a moving bed reactor. Waste Manag. 2010;30:1220–4.

    Article Google Scholar 

  9. Gonzalez JF, Encinar JM, Canito JL, Rodriguez JJ. Pyrolysis of automotive tire waste: Influence of operating variables and kinetic study. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2001;58–59:667–83.

    Article Google Scholar 

  10. Martínez JD, Puy N, Murillo R, García T, Navarro MV, Mastral AM. Waste tire pyrolysis – a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2013;23:179–213. Excellent review of tire pyrolysis studies concerning factors impacting gas, liquid, and solid phase pyrolysis product distribution and their physical/chemical properties.

    Article Google Scholar 

  11. European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers’ Association. “Recycling of ELTs in civil engineering applications.” http://www.etrma.org/tyres/ELTs/recovery-routes-and-trends/material-recovery. Accessed 19 June 14.

  12. Williams PT. Pyrolysis of waste tyres: a review. Waste Manag. 2013;33(8):1714–28. Good assimilation of tire pyrolysis oil property data from various studies and gas composition data.

    Article Google Scholar 

  13. US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Lab. “Fractionation of Organics from Air Particulates with Subcritical Water.” http://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Coal/ewr/air-quality-research/A053104_Final-Report_1.PDF. Accessed on 19 June 2014.

  14. Zajec L. Slow pyrolysis in a rotary kiln reactor: Optimization and experiment. Master’s Thesis, The School for Renewable Energy Science, in affiliation with University of Iceland and University of Akureyri, Feb. 2009, http://skemman.is/stream/get/1946/7005/17751/1/Luka_Zajec.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2014.

  15. Kaminsky W. Thermal recycling of polymers. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 1985;8:439–48.

    Article Google Scholar 

  16. Kaminsky W. Chemical recycling of mixed plastics by pyrolysis. Adv Polym Technol. 1995;14:337.

    Article Google Scholar 

  17. Kaminsky W, Mennerich C. Pyrolysis of synthetic tire rubber in a fluidised-bed reactor to yield 1,3-butadiene, styrene and carbon black. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2001;58:803–11.

    Article Google Scholar 

  18. Kaminsky W, Mennerich C, Zhang Z. Feedstock recycling of synthetic and natural rubber by pyrolysis in a fluidized bed. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2009;85:334–7.

    Article Google Scholar 

  19. Kaminsky W, Predel M, Sadiki A. Feedstock recycling of polymers by pyrolysis in a fluidised bed. Polym Degrad Stab. 2004;85:1045–50.

    Article Google Scholar 

  20. Murillo R, Aylón E, Navarro MV, Callén MS, Aranda A, Mastral AM. The application of thermal processes to valorise waste tyres. Fuel Processing Technology. 2006;87:143–7.

    Article Google Scholar 

  21. Gašparovič L, Šugár L, Jelemenský L, Markoš J. Catalytic gasification of pyrolytic oil from tire pyrolysis process. Chem Pap. 2013;67(12):1504–13.

    Article Google Scholar 

  22. Williams PT, Besler S, Taylor DT. The pyrolysis of scrap automotive tires. Fuel. 1990;69:1474–82.

    Article Google Scholar 

  23. Aydın H, Ilkılıc C. Optimization of fuel production from waste vehicle tires by pyrolysis and resembling diesel fuel by various desulfurization methods. Fuel. 2012;102:605–12.

    Article Google Scholar 

  24. Aylón E, Fernández-Colino A, Navarro MV, Murillo R, García T, Mastral AM. Waste tire pyrolysis: comparison between fixed bed reactor and moving bed reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2008;47:4029–33.

    Article Google Scholar 

  25. Li A, Hu H, Fang Y, Liu H, Yu R, Luo G, et al. The fate of sulfur during rapid pyrolysis of scrap tires. Chemosphere. 2014;97:102–7.

    Article Google Scholar 

  26. Williams PT, Brindle AJ. Aromatic chemicals from the catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tires. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2003;67:143–64.

    Article Google Scholar 

  27. Dai X, Yin X, Wu C, Zhang W, Chen Y. Pyrolysis of waste tires in a circulating fluidized-bed reactor. Energy. 2001;26:385–99.

    Article Google Scholar 

  28. Senneca O, Salatino P, Chirone R. A fast heating-rate thermogravimetric study of the pyrolysis of scrap tyres. Fuel. 1999;78:1575–81.

    Article Google Scholar 

  29. Cheung K-Y, Lee K-L, Lam K-L, Chan T-Y, Lee C-W, Hui C-W. Operation strategy for multi-stage pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2011;91:165–82.

    Article Google Scholar 

  30. Barbooti MM, Mohamed TJ, Hussain AA, Abas FO. Optimization of pyrolysis conditions of scrap tires under inert gas atmosphere. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2004;72:165–70.

    Article Google Scholar 

  31. Kyari M, Cunliffe A, Williams PT. Characterisation of oils, gases, and char from the pyrolysis of different brands of scrap automotive tires. Energy Fuel. 2005;19:1165–73.

    Article Google Scholar 

  32. Ucar S, Karagoz S, Ozkan AR, Yanik J. Evaluation of two different scrap tires as hydrocarbon source by pyrolysis. Fuel. 2005;84:1884–92.

    Article Google Scholar 

  33. Roy C, Darmstadt H, Benallal B, Amen-Chen C. Characterization of naphtha and carbon black obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of polyisoprene rubber. Fuel Process Technol. 1997;50:87-103.

    Article Google Scholar 

  34. Lopez G, Olazar M, Amutio M, Aguado R, Bilbao JA. Influence of tire formulation on the products of continuous pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor. Energy Fuel. 2009;23:5423–31.

    Article Google Scholar 

  35. Buekens AG. Some observations on the recycling of plastics and rubber. Conserv Recycl. 1977;1(3–4):247–71.

    Article Google Scholar 

  36. Seidelt S, Muller-Hagedorn M, Bockhorn H. Description of tire pyrolysis by thermal degradation behaviour of principal components. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2006;75:11-8.

    Article Google Scholar 

  37. Olazar M, Lopez G, Arabiourrutia M, Elordi G, Aguado R, Bilbao J. Kinetic modelling of tyre pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2008;81:127–32.

    Article Google Scholar 

  38. Cunliffe AM, Williams PT. Composition of oils derived from the batch pyrolysis of tires. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 1998;44(3):131–52.

    Article Google Scholar 

  39. Islam MR, Haniu H, Beg MRA. Liquid fuels and chemicals from pyrolysis of motorcycle tire waste: product yields, compositions, and related properties. Fuel. 2008;87:3112–22.

    Article Google Scholar 

  40. Li S-Q, Yao Q, Chi Y, Yan J-H, Cen K-F. Pilot-scale pyrolysis of scrap tires in a continuous rotary kiln reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2004;43:5133-45.

    Article Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang X, Wang T, Ma L, Chang J. Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires with basic additives. Waste Manag. 2008;28:2301–10.

    Article Google Scholar 

  42. Scheirs J. Overview of commercial pyrolysis processes for waste plastics. In: Scheirs J, Kaminsky W, editors. Feedstock recycling and pyrolysis of waste plastics: converting waste plastics into diesel and other fuels. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2006. p. 383–433.

    Chapter Google Scholar 

  43. Roy C, Labrecque B, Caumia B. Recycling scrap tires to oil and carbon black by vacuum pyrolysis. Resour Conserv Recycl. 1990;4:203–13.

    Article Google Scholar 

  44. Mastral AM, Murillo R, Garcia T, Navarro MV, Callen MS, Lopez JM. Study the viability of the process for hydrogen recovery from old tire oils. Fuel Process Technol. 2002;75:185–99.

    Article Google Scholar 

  45. Elbaba I, Wu C, Williams PT. Catalytic pyrolysis-gasification of waste tire and tire elastomers for hydrogen production. Energy Fuel. 2010;24:3928–35.

    Article Google Scholar 

  46. Elbaba I, Wu C, Williams PT. Hydrogen production from the pyrolysis-gasification of waste tires with a nickel/cerium catalyst. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2011;36:6628–37. Study important in terms of optimizing tire pyrolysis for hydrogen production.

    Article Google Scholar 

  47. Elbaba I, Williams PT. Two-stage pyrolysis-catalytic gasification of waste tires: influence of process parameters. Appl Catal B Environ. 2012;125:136–43.

    Article Google Scholar 

  48. Dung NA, Mhodmonthin A, Wongkasemjit S, Jitkarnka S. Effects of ITQ- 21 and ITQ-24 as zeolite additives on the oil products obtained from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tire. J Anal Appl Pyrol. 2009;85:338–44.

    Article Google Scholar 

  49. Ates F, Pütün AE, Pütün E. Fixed bed pyrolysis of Euphorbia rigida with different catalysts. Energ Convers Manag. 2005;46:421–32.

    Article Google Scholar 

  50. Kebritchi A, Firoozifar H, Shams K, Jalali-Arani A. Effect of pre-devulcanization and temperature on physical and chemical properties of waste tire pyrolytic oil residue. Fuel. 2013;112:319–25.

    Article Google Scholar 

  51. Williams P, Bottrill RP. Sulfur-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tire pyrolysis oil. Fuel. 1995;74(5):736–42.

    Article Google Scholar 

  52. Conesa JA, Martín-Gullón I, Font R, Jauhiainen J. Complete study of the pyrolysis and gasification of scrap tires in a pilot plant reactor. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38:3189–94.

    Article Google Scholar 

  53. Laresgoiti MF, Caballero BM, De Marco I, Torres A, Cabrero MA, Chomon MJJ. Characterization of the liquid products obtained in tire pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2004;71:917–34.

    Article Google Scholar 

  54. Olazar M, Aguado R, Arabiourrutia M, Lopez G, Barona A, Bilbao J. Catalyst effect on the composition of tire pyrolysis products. Energy Fuel. 2008;22:2909–16.

    Article Google Scholar 

  55. Banar M, Akyıldız V, Ozkan A, Cokaygil Z, Onay O. Characterization of pyrolytic oil obtained from pyrolysis of TDF (Tire Derived Fuel). Energy Convers Manag. 2012;62:22–30.

    Article Google Scholar 

Download references

Next Market News Item

You can return to the main Market News page, or press the Back button on your browser.

Previous Market News Item